This Day In Music: November 22
November 21 ~ Birthdays/All ~ November 23
 
November 22, 2021 ~ World singer, guitarist, songwriter Joanne Shenandoah passed away ~ Over a dozen albums to her name, a number with contributions from the likes of Sting, Bono, Sinéad O'Connor, starting with the eponymous Joanne Shenandoah released in 1989. Acclaimed for her 1996 Matriarch (Iroquois Women's Songs) album. Has guested on recordings by Peter Kater, Robbie Robertson, Mary Youngblood, Tony Hymas Oyaté, and others ~ Shenandoah was born ca.1956
 
November 22, 1985 ~ Pop rock singer, guitarist, producer, songwriter Austin Brown, full name Nathaniel Austin Brown, born in Tarzana, California, USA ~ Not to be confused with Home Free-singer Austin Brown. Son of singer Rebbie Jackson. In-demand producer and songwriter, working with artists such as Tim & Bob, the Underdogs, Cory Rooney, Q-Tip, Pharrell Williams, and Macy Gray. Released his Canyon Sessions solo debut EP in 2017
 
November 22, 1984 ~ Singer Nathalie Nordnes born in Bergen, Norway ~ Released her Hush Hush debut album in 2003, duetting with Sondre Lerche on the track Good Times. Would record a handful of albums throughout the early 2010s working with producers such as Hans Petter Gundersen, Kato Adland, Rob Ellis. Perhaps best known for Cars And Boys, a top 20 hit in her native Norway of her 2005 Join Me In The Park sophomore album
November 22, 1984 ~ Actress, singer Scarlett Johansson, full name Scarlett Ingrid Johansson, born in New York, New York, USA ~ Best known as an actress, noted for roles in films such as Manny & Jo, The Horse Whisperer, Lost In Translation and The Girl With A Pearl Earring. Has also recorded as a singer, starting with 2008's Anywhere I Lay My Head received to mixed reviews despite a stellar cast including David Bowie. Would go on to release a few more recordings throughout the decade, notably collaborating with Pete Yorn, Este Haim, and others, and occasionally sing on soundtracks
 
November 22, 1982 ~ DJ, producer, remixer Steve Angello born in Athens, Greece ~ First gained serious attention in 2007 co-writing and co-producing David Guetta's When The Light, a dance hit across Europe with top 20 positions in France and the Netherlands. Scored a hit the following year with a dance remake of Show Me Love collaborating with Laidback Luke and featuring original singer Robin S who re-recorded the vocal parts. Later the same year teamed up with Axwell and Sebastian Ingrosso to form the house supergroup Swedish House Mafia. The trio would score a number of international dance hits throughout the 2010s, 2012's Don't You Worry Child a Billboard Hot 100 top 10 hit while One (Your Name), Miami 2 Ibiza and Antidote would do well across Europe
 
November 22, 1981 ~ Pop singer, keyboardist Ben Adams, full name Benjamin Edward Stephen Adams, born ~ Internationally perhaps best for forming the duo Subwoolfer with Gaute Ormåsen, the pair representing Norway at the 2022 Eurovision Songfestival where they reached 6th place with Give That Wolf A Banana. Previously Adams had been a member of British boy band a1, known for the early 2000s UK hits Take On Me and Same Old Brand New You. Adams released his solo debut album All Wrapped Up in 2019
 
November 22, 1978 ~ Karen Lee Orzolek, commonly known as alternative rock, art rock, indie rock singer, keyboardist, guitarist, songwriter Karen O born in Busan, South Korea ~ Lead singer of the Yeah Yeah Yeahs, known for songs such Maps, Gold Lion, Zero, Heads Will Roll, and Sacrilege. Released a solo debut album, Crush Songs, in 2014. Has also worked with the Flaming Lips, Ol' Dirty Bastard, Spike Jonze, Danger Mouse, and others
 
November 22, 1977 ~ Ore Magnus Lawson, commonly known as rapper Lil' O, born in Lagos, Nigeria ~ Original member of DJ Screw-led Screwed Up Click, a Houston-based collective pivotal to the development of Southern rap. Has also recorded as a solo artist, best known for his 2001 Da Fat Rat Wit Da Cheeze album
 
November 22, 1976 ~ Gothic rock, heavy metal singer, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, percussionist, songwriter Ville Valo born in Helsinki, Finland ~ Influenced by Kiss, Type-O Negative, Faith No More, Black Sabbath. Best known as co-founding member, lead singer of HIM from its inception in 1991 until its disbandement in 2017. Has also worked with the Agents, the 69 Eyes, Apocalyptica, MGT, and others
 
November 22, 1971 ~ Hard rock, heavy metal guitarist, singer Rowan Robertson, full name Rowan Wingate Robertson, born in Cambridge, UK ~ Shot to fame in the late 1980s, recruited to replace Craig Goldy in Dio at a mere 17 years of age and present on the 1990 Lock Up The Wolves album. Would go on to work with VAST, DC4, Heaven, AM Radio, Violet's Demise, the Sin City Sinners, Bang Tango, and others
 
November 22, 1969 ~ Pop, folk pop singer, songwriter Patricia Kelly, full name Maria Patricia Kelly, born in Garmonal, Spain ~ Member of internationally successful family outfit the Kelly Family. Has recorded as a solo artist during the band's hiatus, notably her It Is Essential album released in 2010
 
November 22, 1968 ~ Tyruss Gerald Himes, commonly known as rapper Big Syke, born in Inglewood, California, USA ~ Best known for his association with hip-hop groups Thug Life and Outlawz. Also known under the moniker Mussolini. Present on Tupac Shakur's Picture Me Rollin', All Eyez On Me and Check Out Time of Shakur's 1996 All Eyez On Me. Has also recorded as a solo artist and collaborated with the likes of DJ Ripley, C-Bo, Nate Dogg, Daz Dillinger, Knight Owl, Ol' Dirty Bastard, and Young Noble ~ Himes passed away in 2016
November 22, 1968 ~ Singer, songwriter Heather Eatman born in Jacksonville, Florida, USA ~ Gifted storyteller. Signed by John Prine. Released her Mascara Falls debut album on Prine's Oh Boy Records label in 1995 and has recorded to critical acclaim since. Has opened for the likes of Billy Bragg, John Hiatt, the Crash Test Dummies, Rosanne Cash, and others. Parallel to her music career has also worked steadily in journalism
 
November 22, 1967 ~ Hard rock, symphonic metal bassist, guitarist, keyboardist, singer Dennis Ward born in Texas, USA ~ Best known as bassist, co-founding member of Pink Cream 69 and of Unisonic. Has also worked with DC Cooper, Missa Mercuria, Place Vendome, Khymera, Sunstorm, Bob Catley, Panorama, Gus G, Adagio, Angra, Tribuzy, the Bassinvaders, Beverly Killz, Edu Falaschi, the Dezperadoz, Magnum, and others
 
November 22, 1966 ~ DJ, producer Satoshi Tomiie born in Tokyo, Japan ~ At the forefront of house music. Known for his 1989 single Tears, a collaboration with Frankie Knuckles, considered a one of house music's most important early recordings. Has worked with Ryuichi Sakamoto. Has remixed for pop and rock's biggest names including U2, Mariah Carey, Photek, the Simple Minds and David Bowie
 
November 22, 1965 ~ Heavy metal, progressive rock singer Ronny Munroe born in Tacoma, Washington, USA ~ Fronted the Metal Church from 2003 until the band folded in 2009, rejoining a reformed Church in 2012. Has also recorded as a solo artist and collaborated with Lillian Axe, the Presto Ballet (Invisible Places), and with the Trans-Siberian Orchestra
November 22, 1965 ~ Senen Reyes, commonly known as rapper Sen Dog, born in Pinar Del Rio, Cuba ~ Co-founding member of rap group Cypress Hill, best known for the 1993 Billboard Hot 100 top 20 hit Insane In The Brain. Lead singer of metal outfit Powerflo. Brother of rapper Mellow Man Ace, with whom he also worked under the moniker the Reyes Brothers. Also worked with SX-10, Delinquent Habits, Everlast, the Kottonmouth Kings, and others
 
November 22, 1964 ~ Roberto Andrés Pandolfo, commonly known as rock, pop rock, tango singer, guitarist Palo Pandolfo, born in Buenos Aires, Argentina ~ Fronted 1980s post-punk band Don Cornelio y La Zona. Fronted Los Visitantes in the 1990s. Subsequently active as a solo artist, releasing his A Traves De Los Sueños debut album in 2001 ~ Pandolfo passed away in 2021
 
November 22, 1963 ~ Latin jazz percussionist Giovanni Hidalgo, also known as Manenguito, born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA ~ Worked with the Batacumbele Band, Changuito, Eddie Palmieri, Dizzy Gillespie, Bola Abimbola, Sikiru Adepoju, Art Blakey, Muruga Booker, Jack Bruce, Don Byron, Candido Camero, d'Angelo, Paulinho Da Costa, Steve Gadd, Sammy Hagar, Kip Hanrahan, Zakir Hussain, Cassius Khan, Airto Moreira, Charlie Palmieri, Tito Puente, Hilton Ruiz, Paul Simon, Carlos Valdés, Flora Purim, Gloria Estefan, and others
 
November 22, 1962 ~ Guitarist Jim Matheos born in Westfield, Massachusetts, USA ~ Best known as guitarist, primary songwriter, sole constant member of progressive metal outfit Fates Warning, recording over a dozen albums with the band starting in the mid-1980s. Has also recorded as a solo artist, starting with First Impressions in 1993, and collaborated with OSI, Gordian Knot, John Arch, Memories Of Machines, Tuesday The Sky
 
November 22, 1961 ~ Classical pianist, composer Stephen Hough, full name Stephen Andrew Hill Gough, born in Heswall, UK ~ Renowned pianist with over 60 albums to his name, perhaps most notably a 2004 set of Sergei Rachmaninoff's four Piano Concertos. As a composer known for works such as Second Piano Sonata, Cello Sonata and Missa Mirablis, the latter recorded in 2015 by the Colorado Symphony Orchestra conducted by Andrew Litton
 
November 22, 1953 ~ Rock, country guitarist, keyboardist, singer, producer John Jennings born in Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA ~ As a solo artist best known for his 1997 Buddy album. Closely associated with Mary Chapin Carpenter as member of Carpenter's backing band and producer of several of her albums including the aacclaimed 1992 Come On Come On album. Has also worked, in one role or another with artists such as Beausoleil, John Gorka, Janis Ian, the Indigo Girls, the Rankin Family, Cheryl Wheeler, Iris DeMent, George Jones, Darol Anger, Joe Diffie, and others ~ Jenning passed away in 2015
 
November 22, 1950 ~ Singer, songwriter, producer Dan Tyler, full name Daniel Eugene Tyler, born in McComb, Mississippi, USA ~ Wrote or co-wrote songs, on occasion with his wife Adele Tyler, recorded by Eddie Rabbitt (Hearts On Fire), Dr Hook, the Oak Ridge Boys (Bobbie Sue), Agnetha Fältskog, Johnnie Taylor, Kenny Rogers, the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Keith Whitley (Somebody's Doin' Me Right), LeAnn Rimes, and Billy Ray Reynolds. The couple's son is indie folk, pop rock guitarist William Tyler
November 22, 1950 ~ Latin pop singer, songwriter, musical actress Paloma San Basilio, full name Paloma Cecilia San Basilio Martinez, born in Madrid, Spain ~ Million-selling Spanish singer, songwriter recording in a wide range of styles from melodic to pop. Influenced by the Beatles, Sarah Vaughan, Billie Holiday, Barbra Streisand. Known for her roles in Spanish edition versions of musicals such as Evita, Man Of La Mancha, My Fair Lady and Sunset Boulevard
November 22, 1950 ~ Rock, heartland rock singer, guitarist, mandolinist, songwriter, actor Steven Van Zandt born in Winthrop, Massachusetts, USA ~ Best known as member of Bruce Springsteen's backing unit the E Street Band, notable contributions include arranging the horns in Tenth Avenue Freeze-out, co-writing the guitar parts of Born To Run and co-producing the albums The River and Born In The USA. Co-founded Southside Johnny & the Asbury Jukes, co-penned the band's signature song I Don't Wanna Go Home. Fronts his own Little Steven & the Disciples Of Soul. Thriving force behind the anti-apartheid project Artists United Against Apartheid. Acclaimed actor known for roles in TV drama series such as The Sopranos and Lilyhammer
November 22, 1950 ~ Martina Michèle Weymouth, commonly known as new wave, post-punk, art pop bassist Tina Weymouth born in Coronado, California, USA ~ Co-founding member of Talking Heads and its side project Tom Tom Club. The former band is best known for songs such as Take Me To The River, Burning Down The House and Road To Nowhere, the latter is best known for their 1981 eponymous Tom Tom Club spawning dance hits such as Wordy Rappinghood and the Drifters-cover Under The Boardwalk. Both also included her husband drummer Chris Frantz. Weymouth co-produced the Happy Mondays 1992 album Yes Please. Guested on Damon Albarn's Gorillaz-project, providing percussion and backing vocals on the track 19/2000 of the band's eponymous 2001 Gorillaz album
 
November 22, 1948 ~ Guitarist, singer Dennis Larden born in Kansas, USA ~ Member of Every Mothers Son, which also included his brother Larry Larden, known for the Billboard Hot 100 top 10 hit Come On Down To My Boat of their 1967 eponymous Every Mothers Son debut album. Two follow-up singles, Put Your Mind At Ease and The Pony With The Golden Mane, would do reasonably well in Canada. The band disbanded in late 1968. Larden would later join Ricky Nelson's backing unit the Stone Canyon Band
 
November 22, 1947 ~ Guitarist Rod Price born in Willesden, UK ~ Member of Black Cat Bones, replacing Paul Kossoff, known for their one critically acclaimed but commercially unsuccessful 1969 Barbed Wire Sandwich album. Best known as a member of Foghat since its formation, present on all albums through 1980. Helped shape the sound of the band through his distinctive slide guitar playing. Nicknamed “the Magician of Slide” ~ Price passed away in 2005
 
November 22, 1946 ~ Reggae bassist, guitarist, keyboardist, percussionist, arranger, songwriter, producer Aston Barrett, full name Aston Francis Barrett, born in Kingston, Jamaica ~ Helped define the role of the bass in reggae. Brother of drummer Carlton Barrett. Best known as longtime associate of Bob Marley, serving as bassist, arranger, and bandleader from 1969 until Marley's death a dozen years later. Earned the nickname “Family Man” for his role in Marley's backing unit. One of the first to incorporate a drum machine in reggae, as heard in Marley songs such as No Woman No Cry, So Jah Seh, and Johnny Was. Mentored Robbie Shakespeare of Sly & Robbie, who at some point commented: “He is a master for me. I have had help and influences from other people, but I have to give it mostly to Family Man.” ~ Barrett passed away in 2024
November 22, 1946 ~ Violinist Oleg Kagan, full name Oleg Moseyevich Kagan, born in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia ~ Married to cellist Natalia Gutman, with whom he has also worked. Known for numerous chamber collaborations, notably with pianists Sviatoslav Richter and Vasily Lobanov, as a proponent of modern music and fine interpreter of the works of Jean Sibelius, Johann Sebastian Bach and George Enescu ~ Kagan passed away in 1990
November 22, 1946 ~ Emmett Peter Geraci, commonly known as pop singer, songwriter Sonny Geraci, born in Cleveland, Ohio, USA ~ First gained attention fronting the Outsiders, known for songs such as Time Won't Let Me, Respectable (What Kind Of Girl Is This), Girl In Love and Help Me Girl. Member of Climax, scoring the Billboard Hot 100 top 10 hit Precious And Few ~ Geraci passed away in 2017
 
November 22, 1944 ~ Maxwell Livingston Smith, commonly known as roots reggae, reggae singer Max Romeo, born in St Ann, Jamaica ~ Member of the Emotions, which also included Kenneth Knight and Lloyd Shakespeare. Member of the Hippy Boys. As a solo artist known for Wet Dream, Let The Power Fall, Chase The Devil. Starred in the 1978 musical Reggae, which he co-wrote with Hair producer Michael Butler. Sang backup vocals on the Rolling Stones's Dance of the 1980 Emotional Rescue album. Had his 1981 Holding Out My Love For You album produced by Stones guitarist Keith Richards. Also worked with the Upsetters, Jah Shaka, Mafia & Fluxy
 
November 22, 1943 ~ Drummer Floyd Sneed, full name Floyd Chester Sneed, born in Calgary, Canada ~ Member of Three Dog Night, remaining with the band from its inception in 1968 until its disbandement in 1977. Sang backup on only one song, Joy To The World taken of their 1970 Naturally album. The band is known for numerous 1970s hits including the Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles One, Mama Told Me Not To Come, Black & White, Shambala, and The Show Must Go On ~ Sneed passed away in 2023
 
November 22, 1941 ~ Perry Miller, commonly known as singer Jesse Colin Young born in New York, New York, USA ~ Founding member of the Youngbloods, known for their 1969 top 10 hit Get Together. Would embark on a successful solo career after the band's disbandement in the early 1970s. Especially acclaimed for his 1973 album Song For Juli and 1975's Songbird
November 22, 1941 ~ Jazz, jazz rock bassist Ron McClure born in New Haven, Connecticut, USA ~ Leader and sideman. Active since the early 1960s. Co-founded the Fourth Way, which also included Mike Nock, Eddie Marshall, Michael White. To pop, rock audiences best known as member of Blood Sweat & Tears, appearing on the albums Mirror Image, New City and In Concert. Well over a dozen albums to his name as a leader, backed by sidemen such as John Scofield, John Abercrombie, Richie Beirach, Randy Brecker. Also worked with Buddy Rich, Maynard Ferguson, Herbie Mann, Wynton Kelly, Charles Lloyd, Bloomfield Kooper & Stills, Carla Bley, Joe Henderson, Quest, Michel Petrucciani, and others
 
November 22, 1937 ~ Singer, songwriter Edward Hulewicz born in Berezen, Poland ~ Active since the 1960s. Member of Tarpany, for whom he wrote their biggest hit Siala Baba Mak. Following the band's disbandement would go on to work with Helioso, known for songs such as Obietnice. Active as a solo artist since the early 1970s, scoring hits with Za Zdrowie Pan, Paskuda and Bo Jedno Zycle Mam ~ Hulewicz passed away in 2022
November 22, 1937 ~ Pianist, composer Nikolai Kapustin, full name Nikolai Girshevich Kapustin, born in Horlivka, Ukranian SSR ~ Active since the 1950s. First gained attention working with artists such as Yury Saulsky and Oleg Lundstrem. Known for fusing jazz and classical. As a composer best known for works such as Suite In The Old Style Op.28 premiered in 1977, characterised by its jazz improvisation feel yet modeled after Baroque suites in the style of Johann Sebastian Bach. Kapustin's works have been recorded by leading pianists including Marc-André Hamelin, Nikolai Petrov, Steven Osborne, Yeol Eum Son and Vadim Rudenko ~ Kapustin passed away in 2020
 
November 22, 1936 ~ R&B, doo-wop singer Opal Courtney Jr born ~ Member of the Spaniels, known for 1950s hits such as Baby It's You and Goodnight Sweetheart Goodnight, the latter later remaining popular to this day featured in several films including American Graffiti ~ Courtey passed away in 2008
 
November 22, 1931 ~ Leonard George Sargent, commonly known as singer, pianist Lennie Peters, born in Islington, UK ~ Blinded in one eye at age 5 during a car accident and a thrown brick blinding his other eye at age 16. Uncle of the Rolling Stones drummer Charlie Watts. Active as a solo artist since the early 1960s, notably known for the singles Let The Tears Begin and And My Heart Cried Again. Formed the duo Peters & Lee with Dianne Lee, previously his backing singer, scoring the hits Welcome Home and Don't Stay Away Too Long. The former would top both the UK and Irish charts in 1973 ~ Sargent passed away in 1992
 
November 22, 1930 ~ Jazz trombonist Mel Wanzo, full name Melvin Wanzo, born in Cleveland, Ohio, USA ~ Best known for his longtime association with Count Basie, serving as a member of Basie's orchestra from 1969 through 1980. Has also worked with Cannonball Adderley, Ruth Brown, Big Joe Turner, Woody Herman, and the Capp-Pierce Juggernaut ~ Wanzo passed away in 2005
 
November 22, 1927 ~ Jazz trombonist Jimmy Knepper, full name James Minter Knepper, born in Los Angeles, California, USA ~ Playing professionally since his mid-teens, working in big bands led by Freddie Slack, Roy Porter, Charlie Spivak, Charlie Barnet, Woody Herman, and Claude Thornhill. Well known for backing Charles Mingus, including on the quintessential Mingus Ah Uhm and Blues & Roots albums. Has also appeared on albums by Clark Terry (Color Changes), Eric Dolphy, Miles Davis (Sketches Of Spain), Mose Allison, Al Kooper, Robin Kenyatta, Toshiko Akiyoshi, Astrud Gilberto, and the Mingus Dynasty. As a leader best known for a string of mid- to late 1970s albums, including Cunningbird and Tell Me ~ Knepper passed away in 2003
 
November 22, 1925 ~ Conductor, hornist, flutist, composer Gunther Schuller, full name Gunther Alexander Schuller, born in New York, New York, USA ~ Worked with the American Ballet Theatre, the Cincinnati Symphony, the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra, John Lewis, the Houston Grand Opera, Dizzy Gillespie, the Modern Jazz Quartet, Charles Mingus, Gerard Schwarz, Gigi Gryce, Frank Sinatra, Miles Davis, Johnny Mathis, Gerry Mulligan, Julius Watkins, and others ~ Schuller passed away in 2015
 
November 22, 1913 ~ Pianist, conductor, composer Benjamin Britten, full name Edward Benjamin Britten, born in Lowestof, UK ~ Quintessential to 20th-century British music. As a child showed a keen interest in music, taking piano lessons from his mother from a young age, and composing his first compositions at age five. Well known for works such as Peter Grimes, War Requiem, and The Young Person's Guide To The Orchestra ~ Britten passed away in 1976
 
November 22, 1912 ~ Guitarist, singer, songwriter Doye O'Dell, full name Allen Doye O'Dell, born in Plainview, Texas, USA ~ As a solo artist best known for his 1952 recording Diesel Smoke Dangerous Curves, in retrospect considered a quintessential forerunner of the trucking country subgenre. Has worked with Johnny Bond, Texas Jim Lewis, Roy Lanham, the Sons Of The Pioneers, and others. Appeared in several Western movies alongside Roy Rogers and Tex Ritter ~ O'Dell passed away in 2001
 
November 22, 1911 ~ Ernesto Caceres, commonly known as jazz saxophonist Ernie Caceres, born in Rockport, Texas, USA ~ Brother of violinist Emilio Caceres and pianist Pinero Caceres. Active since the late 1920s. As a co-leader known for the 1970 album Ernie & Emilio with his brother Emilio. In-demand sideman, present on albums by Mildred Bailey (The Rockin' Chair Lady), Frank Sinatra (The Voice), Bobby Hackett, Ella Fitzgerald (Lullabies Of Birdland), Sidney Bechet, Ruby Braff, Barbara Lea (Lea In Love), Teresa Brewer, Dick Cary, Jimmy McPartland, and Sidney Bechet ~ Caceres passed away in 1971
 
November 22, 1905 ~ Jazz clarinetist, saxophonist, bandleader Cecil Scott born in Springfield, Ohio, USA ~ Brother of drummer Lloyd Scott, with whom he regularly collaborated. Active since the 1920s, Scott has worked with a long list of the top swing bands, backing artists such as Fletcher Henderson and Billie Holiday. Other notable associations include Hot Lips Page, Willie The Lion Smith, Alberta Hunter, Rex Stewart, Red Allen, and Teddy Wilson ~ Scott passed away in 1964
 
November 22, 1899 ~ Hoagland Howard Carmichael, commonly known as pianist, bandleader, songwriter Hoagy Carmichael born in Bloomington, Indiana, USA ~ Revered songwriter. Wrote or co-wrote classics such as Stardust (the Chocolate Dandies, Benny Goodman, Erroll Garner, Willie Nelson), Georgia On My Mind (Frankie Trumbauer, Billie Holiday, Ray Charles), The Nearness Of You (Chick Bullock, Glenn Miller, Sarah Vaughan), Heart And Soul (Larry Clinton, Sue Raney, Jan & Dean, Betty Carter), Lazy Bones (Glen Gray, Kay Starr, the Supremes, Leon Redbone), Skylark (Gene Krupa, Dinah Shore, Earl Hines), Ole Buttermilk Sky (Kay Kyser, Paul Weston, Connee Boswell), In The Cool Cool Cool Of The Evening (Dean Martin, Bing Crosby, Henry Mancini), and others ~ Carmichael passed away in 1981